Friday, Sept.9: Read and type outline of pages 6-9. Complete Handout
Week of September 12-16, 2011
Mon: complete questions on pages 7 and 9
Tues: Read and type outline for page 10-11. Place bold printed words on index cards . Draw the picture of the bacterium on page ten. Be sure to include labels and scale bar. Also draw out the 3 noted bacterial shapes and label
Wed: Prepare for test on friday covering all material thus far. Answer the questions on page 11. Biology Portfolio/notebook/binder check on friday.
Fri: Research the following: "Shot in the Arm."
Each fall thousands of people get flu shots. Use reference books, magazines, newspapers, and the Internet to research the influenza vaccine and how it works. Write a 2 page paper on the influenza virus, include diagrams. This is due Tuesday, September20 Extra-credit: Make a model of a virus
Week of Sept.19--23, 2011
Tues: On page 11: Place the Chart entitiled: Virus and Bacteria Compared on and Index card. Draw the figure on page 11: Virus: typicl virus on an index card.
Wed: REad and outline pages 12 and 13: Fungi. Research any fungi and be prepared to come to class to discuss it. Be sure to include 8 facts about your fungi
Thurs: Complete the questions on page 13
Fri: Read and outline pages 14 and 15. Answer the questions on page 15. . Create a chart comparing Monocotyledons and dicotyledons.
The Newman School
Pre-IB bio topic bacteria and viruses
Bacteria:
1. live on our bodies by the trillions
2. occupy habitats where no other organisms can survive
3. devastate human populations with diseases like plague and TB
4. Life on Earth would end without them
5. Bacteria: one of the most ancient lineages on Earth
6. Earth’s oldest fossils 3.5 billion years old are of Bacteria
Bacteria
1. Prokaryotes/diverse
2. some make their own food through photosynthesis like plants
3. other obtain food from others
4. Most bacteria are single-celled, others gather in multicellular clusters
5. have different shapes: spheres, rods, and spirals
6. many move using whiplike flagella
Bacteria
1. reproduce Asexually by dividing/ some do this quickly
2. Bacterial populations grow quickly when food is plentiful and good conditions
3. In poor conditions, many bacteria form spores
Life on Earth impossible without Bacteria:
1. they play an important role in Decomposition or the breaking down of Organic matter
2. Without Bacterial decomposition, carbon would stay trapped in dead organic matter
3. All the CO2 in the atmosphere would be used up and photosynthesis would be impossible
Our Bodies:
1. Lots live on us
2. skin and mouth, respiratory tract and intestines
3. some help us Digest our food and make vitamins that we use
4. Good Bacteria helps keep more dangerous bacteria from growing
Bacteria: Uses
1. Make cheese and yogurt
2. Engineered bacteria make human insulin
3. Lyme disease TB Syphilis are bacterial diseases
Antibiotics
1. Substances that kill bacteria
The Newman School
Pre-ib bio topic Viruses
Viruses
1. small pieces of genetic material wrapped in a proten coat
2. On the line between living and nonliving
3. not made up of cess
4. can’t reproduce on their own
5. need a host cells
6. viruses have genes and they evolve
Many have double stranded DNA but others use single stranded dna or single stranded rna or doubled stranded rna
Reproduce by infectina a host cell and then using the cell’s resources to copy their genetic material and build viral proteins
Viruses infect all other forms of life: including bacteria, plants and animals
HIV causes Aids
Viruses:
1. cause cold, flu, AIDS, and smallpox
Their genes mutate quickly
Week of Sept 26-30, 2011
Mon: Fanueil Hall Speeches: Therefore our class will not meet. Please complete the following statements:
1. A fungus that is both a parasite and a decomposer is one that...........
2. Lichens are symbiotic associations that....
3. Fungi and Bacteria are decomposers of.............. making possible the essential recycling of chemical elements for plant growth.
4. Fungi are ..................... that obtain their nutrients by absorption; they secrete digetive enzymes into the surrounding food and absorb the resulting small organic molecules.
5 Some fungi are single celled ....... which may inhabit liquid or moist habitats.
6. A typical multicellular fungal body consists of a network of .......... which form a mass called a ............................
Tues: The Newman School
Pre-IB Bio:Topic Fungi
Short Answers:
1. What is a mycelium? Describe its function
2. Describe how fungi digest food and absorb nutrients.
3. State the function of fungal spores.
4. Explain how one type of fungus is used to make bread
5. Explain the symbiotic relationship that exists between the organisms that make up lichens.
Wed: Study for exam on Bacteria, Viruses and Fungi tomorrow > More information to follow
Thurs: Exam is today. Please complete the following: 1. Define and give examples of a fruit and a flower
2. Name 3 examples of monocots and 3 examples of dicots
3. Make a list of benefits angiosperms offer humans
4. Describe at least 2 ways angiosperms have benefited you in the last 24 hours.
Week of Oct 3-7, 2011
Mon: Topic in class: plants: choose 2 items or more from the following list and bring in tomorrow.
Artichoke, broccoli, cauliflower, apple, banana, citrus, corn, peas, beans, tomato, celery, garlic, lettuce, onion, spinach, carrot, radish, asparagus, white potato.
Tues: Read and type outline of pages 16 and 17: Invertebrates. State differences between a vertebrate and and invertebrate animal, describe main characteristics of annelids, nematodes, molluscs and arthropods
Wed: Complete handout given in class. Topic: Invertebrate animals. ALSO READ OVER YOUR PRE-LAB MATERIAL. LAB IS THURSDAY: Innoculating Petri dishes with various bacteria.
Thurs: Complete your raw data in your lab notebook. Complete handout given in class
Fri: to be determined.
Week of Oct 10-14, 2011
Mon: holiday
Tues: Read and outline handout given in class: Invertebrates. Prepare for an exam on Friday. Exam will cover ALL material on handout and pages 16 and 17 from your book.
Wed: Field Trip.
Thurs: Study for your exam next Tuesday, on Invertebrates (See Tues nite for details on the exam)
Fri: Read and outline pages 18 and 19 i
Exam Focus Points:
Define Cnidocytes
Flukes do NOT have a body divided into segments.
Be attentive to those organisms that are segmented or non-segmented
Know that roundworms and rotifers have complete digestive tracts
In an echinoderm, the tube foot operates like a suction cup
Deuterostomes Are echinoderms
Do Mollusks have a closed circulatory system
Define coelom: All mollusks have this
Sea urchins practice defense using their tentacles
Cnidarians have 2 body forms: medusas and ……………………
What do sponges lack?
Define a polyp as it relates to the body form of cnidarians
Define a coelomate
WEEK OF OCT 17-21, 2011
PLEASE NOTE THE FOLLOWING INFO REGARDING YOUR ARTHROPOD PAPER AND MODEL DUE NEXT FRIDAY: OCT 28
• Model must be no bigger than a SHOE BOX
• Model must be an accurate representation of your arthropod
o For Example: It must have the correct number of body segments. Its legs must be attached in the correct places. Correct colors must be used.
• We will be hanging a lot of the arthropods from the ceiling; it would be helpful if your arthropod has a hook or some other type of hanger in it so a string can be attached
• Be creative and have fun!
Your 3-D arthropod model will be worth 40 points
Accurate Representation
(Correct number of legs, legs attached to the proper body segment, correct number of body segments, correct body parts, correct colors etc) 25 points
Neatness 10 points
Stability
(Arthropods should not fall apart easily) 5 points
Paragraph #1: an introduction paragraph • use an attention grabber
• use one of your interesting facts
Paragraph #2 • one paragraph telling the common name of your arthropod and its scientific name starting with Kingdom and ending with Species
Paragraph #3 • one paragraph describing what your arthropod looks like (physical description) including colors and number of legs and body sections. Describe your arthropod's lifecycle from egg to adult.
Paragraph #4 • One paragraph telling where in the world your arthropod can be found, what sort of habitat it lives in, and what sort of food your arthropod eats as an adult, a larvae or both. If possible, tell how your arthropod gets its food (webs, harvesting, etc)
Paragraph #5 • One paragraph telling 2-3 interesting facts you learned about your arthropod. Conclude your paragraph by wrapping things up and restating the main points
Wed: READ AND OUTLINE PAGES 99 TO 101 FROM HANDOUT TO BE GIVEN IN CLASS. Also complete Vocabulary Review and REinforcement on page 101 and exercises on page 102
THurs: Read and outline pages 103-104 of handout on vertebrates
Fri: Complete 105-106 from handout.
OCTOBER 24-28, 2011
MON: rEAD AND OUTLINE PAGES 22 AND 23. 4 INDEX CARDS ALSO ON ASSIGNED TOPICS FROM CLASS
TUES: COMPLETE PRE-LAB QUESTIONS: TOMORROW'S LAB: AIM: INVESTIGATE THE EFFECTS OF ENVIRONMENTAL CHANGE ON MEALWORMS
WED: COMPLETE A LAB REPORT DRAFT/ COMPLETE TABLES, AND GRAPHS
THURS: LECTURE: THE CELL. / COMPLETE THE FOLLOWING QUESTIONS:
1. wHAT IS CELL THEORY
2. HOW DO MICROSCOPES WORK
3. HOW ARE PROKARYOTES AND EUKARYOTES DIFFERENT
4. wHAT IS THE TOTAL MAGNIFICATION OF A MICROSCOPE THAT HAS AN EYEPIECE MAGNIFICATION OF 10x AND AN OBJECTIVE LENS MAGNIFICATION OF 50x
5. A 10 MICROMETER CELL IS VIEWED THROUGH A 10X OBJECTIVE AND A 10S EYEPIECE. HOW LARGE WILL THE CELL APPEAR TO THE MICROSCOPE USER?
Fri: Read and outline Cell Handout
WEEK OF OCT. 31-NOV. 4, 2011
MON: HAPPY HALLOWEEN.
TUES: Complete Pre-lab questions which will be given to you in class today. Lab tomorrow.: Microscopic investigation of human cheek cells and plant cells.
Wed: Read pages 190-192 of handout. REad and outline pages 194-194 of handout.
Week of Nov. 7-11,2011
Mon: Answer the following: 1, Define specialized cells 2. Draw a Concept Map of an Animal Cell and its organelles include a discussion of plant cells and their differences.
Tues: Choose 3 of the following cells and create a Venn Diagram. Macrophage, B-lymphocyte, Memory Cell, Helper T-Cell/ The following is a Study Guide for your exam on THursday: Begin your Revision / Study Early!!
1. State a function of : lysosome, golgi apparatus, rough ER, Nucleus, Mitochondrion, Ribosome
2. Know the differences betweeen eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells
3. Know that Organelles may be described as subcellular structures
4. Magnification calculations: know your SI units and metric conversions
5. What Structures are found in plant and animal cells? Cytoplasm, mitochondria and ribosomes
6. What's the difference between magnification and resolution
7. Know what an electron micrograph of a mitochondrion looks like
8. Know that Eukaryotic cells have: Membrane bound organelles, presence of mitochondria, and double nuclear membrane.
9. M TV BOC
10. Size of a bacterium and eukaryotic cell
11. Surface area to volume ratio.
Wed: Study for exam, tomorrow, Thursday on Cells
FRIDAY: READ AND OUTLINE PAGES 28 AND 29. TYPE YOUR OUTLINES IF POSSIBLE.
Explain the importance of the surface area to volume ratio in limiting cell size:
As the size of a cell increases, the ratio between Surface area to volume decreases. Cells need a large surface area to volume ratio to effectively carry out their prescribed functions. The Surface area to volume ration affects the rate of transport of materials across membrane. Heat is a function of surface area. The rate of metabolic processes is a function of mass to volume ratio. If a cell is too large, its surface area to volume ratio decreases and this causes problems in transport.
WEEK OF 14-18, 2011
MON: READ AND OUTLINE PAGES 30 AND 31
TUES: PAGE 31: ANSWER QUESTIONS 1-3. PLEASE WRITE THESE OUT AND ANSWER THEM IN COMPLETE SENTENCES.
WED: Study for exam which is on Friday. Exam is on Cellular Transport
THURS: STUDY FOR EXAM TOMORROW ON : DIFFUSION, AND OSMOSIS AND ACTIVE TRANSPORT
Please review the following for your exam:
1. Draw and label cell membrane. Be proficient in descrbing the cell membrane: phospholipid bilayer, fluid mosaic model, selectively permeable. what is embedded in the membrane. Explain all of this!
2. Define active and passive transport
3. State what a concentration Gradient, semi-permeable membrane, and what human processes depend on diffusion.
FRI: READ AND OUTLINE PAGES 32 AND 33.
Week of Nov. 21-23, 2011
Mon: Draw, Label and Describe a Concept Map for pages 32 and 33 in your book.
Tues: Complete page 33 questions one and two. Draw the 2 graphs on page 33
Wed: Index cards for the following: Enzyme, Substrate, Activation Energy, Lock and Key Theory, Active Site, draw a picture on an index card of the blue diagram on page 32, index cards also on: Catalysts, Products, Amylae, lipase catalase, Denature, Activators, Inhibitors.
HAPPY THANKSGIVING TO YOU AND YOUR FAMILY
Week of Nov. 28-Dec. 2, 2011
Mon: Research what it means to be lactose intolerant. one page typed, double spaced. Use scientific language and cite your sources. Prepare to share your info.
Tues: Prepare for Liver Enzyme Lab: Answer the following questions:
1. Why are we using liver in this lab?
2. Explain the purpose of Hydrogen Peroxide in this lab
3. List the control, independent variable and dependent variable in this lab
4. List the factors you are manipulating in this lab.
5. What is your hypothesis in this lab?
6.. State the Aim of this lab
Thurs: Complete a lab report on Enzyme Catalysis
Friday: REad page 38 in your book: Type an Outline of this page. Please include: Biochemistry, metabolism, hydrolysis, condensation and hydrolysis
Week of December 5-9, 2011
Mon: Read and outline pages 92 - 94 from the handout which will be given to you in class today. Place the following Key Terms on index cards complete with definitions: Organic molecule, inorganic molecule, hydrocarbon, functional group, hydrophilic, monomer, polymer.
Tues: Draw and label the molecules on pages 92 and 93. Answer the concept check 5.1 on page 94
Wed: Read and type outline from handout pages 95-97: Complete Concept Check on page 97 (1-3)
Thurs: Place key terms from page 95 on index cards with definitions
Fri: Read and outline handout pages 98-102. Place key terms on page 98 onto index cards. FINAL EXAM WILL BE ON THE ENTIRE HANDOUT.
WEEK OF JANUARY 3-6, 2012 : hAPPY nEW yEAR
Thurs: REad and outline pages: 54 and 55
Fri: Page 60 in your book, please complete question 1 (a,b,c,d) and question2 ( a, b) Those students who need to read and outline malnutrition: it is on page 56 and 57. Students who need to outline calorimetry: please consult 52 and 53.
WEEK OF JANUARY 9-13, 2012
MON: a HANDOUT ON photosynthesis will be given to you. read and type outline for pages 160 and 161. Be sure to include the equation for Photosynthesis in your outline.
Tues: Using your handout on PHOTOSYNTHESIS: place the key terms from page 160 on index cards, complete with definitions. Also, on page 162, complete concept check 8.1 questions 1-3. Please read and outline page 162
THURSDAY: Use your UK book to create a Concept Map for information on pages 62 and 63 as it relates to photosynthesis: Section 2.17: please check your pages since some of the class have different pages: photosynthesis and plant nutrition
Fri: Complete the Photosynthesis Crossword and question sheet given in class. We shall perform paper chromatography in lab next week. Do some background reading on paper chromatography over the long weekend.
WEEK OF JANUARY16-20, 2012
TUES: Read and outline (from your handout) pages 163 and 164. Place the Key terms from page 163 on index cards
THURS: Prepare for a quiz tomorrow based on photosynthesis. Use your photosynthesis handout to prepare: Please focus on the following in your revision:
1. Drawing and labeling a chloroplast
2. Chemical Equation for photosynthesis
3. Light Dependent and Light Independent rxns
4. Significance of ATP
5. Compare and Contrast Mitochondrion and Chloroplast
FRI: FORMULATE A HUGE CONCEPT MAP USING YOUR MOST RECENT HANDOUT ON PHOTOSYNTHESIS.
WEEK OF JANUARY 23-27, 2012
MON: USING HANDOUT ENTITLED CONCEPT 8.1: PHOTOSYNTHESIS USES LIGHT ENERGY TO MAKE FOOD: READ AND OUTLINE PAGES 165-167. aLSO COMPLETE CONCEPT CHECK 8.2 ON PAGE 167
TUES: COMPLETE PHOTOSYNTHESIS HANDOUT TO BE GIVEN OUT IN CLASS:
[PPT] www.clt.astate.edu/mhuss/Photosynthesis%20-%20Huss.ppt
FRI : USING YOUR BIOLOGY BOOK FROM THE uk, COMPLETE AN OUTLINE FOR THE TOPIC:rESPIRATION pROVIDES THE ENERGY FOR LIFE. If you have the book with the bird on the cover, follow pages 116 to 117. In class we will list the pages of the other book some of you may have. Also complete your lab report: Photosynthesis
WEEK OF JANUARY 30-FEBRUARY 3, 2012
MON; READ AND OUTLINE FRONT AND BACK OF HANDOUT GIVEN IN CLASS.
TUES: www.biologyjunction.com/ADPATPandCellularRespiration.ppt
View this powerpoint. on cellular respiration. place the key terms from page 148 of the handout on index cards.Also Draw figure7-16 on an index card: please label
Wed: Prepare for short quiz on material covered thus far on Cellular REspiration.
Thurs: Short quiz on cellular respiration. covers material discussed in lecture
Thurs: read and outline the first page(front and back) of the packet given to you in class.
Fri: Please complete reading and outling the packet given to you.
Week of February 6-10: No school Friday: Parent Conferences
Mon: Complete handout regarding cellular respiration
WEEK OF FEB.13-17, 2012
MON: READ AND OUTLINE PAGES 229-231
TUES: VOCAB CARDS AND DEFINITIONS FOR WORDS ON PAGE 229. COMPLETE CONCEPT CHECK ON PAGE 231 QUESTIONS 1-3 AND READ AND OUTLINE PAGES233-234
WED: COMPLETE CONCEPT CHECK QUESTIONS 1-3 ON PAGE 234 Read and OUtline page 235.
Thurs: Complete the first page of the DNA handout. Feel free to complete more if you wish. We will be covering DNA replication, Transcription and Translation.
Fri: Build your DNA molecule: more to come in class on FridaY
WEEK OF FEBRUARY 20-24, 2012:
WED: COMPLETE HANDOUT ON DNA REPLICATION. WORK ON YOUR DNA MODEL WHICH IS DUE IN CLASS ON FRIDAY. BE SURE TO INCLUDE 5 INDEX CARDS ON A TOPIC RELATING TO DNA SUCH AS A GENETIC DISORDER, CURRENT BIOTECHNOLOGY RELATED TO DNA, OR HISTORY ABOUT DNA
Thurs: DNA model is due tomorrow, Friday. Be prepared to discuss and present your model and 5 index cards on anything DNA
Fri: complete handouts
Week of February 27-March 2, 2012
Mon: Write 2 and a half paragraphs following your research on Frederick Griffith also 2 and half paragraph on Alfred Hershey/Martha Chase
Tues: Define: bacteriophage, codon, anticodon, splicing, mutation, start codon, stop codons, amino acid
Wed: Study for exam, tomorrow, THursday. we will have lab on Friday: Lab is DNA Extraction from a Strawberry
STUDY POINTS FOR TOMORROW'S EXAM: dna AND THE LANGUAGE OF LIFE
1 use your handout entitled: Nucleic Acids store info in their sequences of chemical units.
2. Format of exam: Multiple choice, Modified true and false, Completion, Short answer and one essay
3. Prepare for the following: this is not an all inclusive list. You will be responsible for your lecture notes material and the above handout.
4. Points of focus:Griffith, nucleotide structure, DNA replication, complementary base pairing, Transcription, Translation, Codons: definition and anticodons . Replication occurs in two opposite directions, amino acids linked together form proteins, bacteriophage, start and stop codons, One gene/one polypeptide hypothesis, splicing, mutation. mRNA, rRNA, tRNA
WEEK OF MARCH 5-9, 2012
Mon: Using handout from class. read and outline 206-207. Complete 1-3 Concept Check questions on page 207 and also define, using index cards key terms on page 206.
Thurs: Complete reading and outlining the entire genetics packet: due upon return from break. also complete Concept check page 213
WEEK OF MARCH 26-30, 2012
MON: COMPLETE PAGE ONE AND TWO OF HANDOUT. YOU ONLY NEED TO GO UP TO ELEVEN, BUT YOU ARE WELCOME TO FINISH IT.
Week of April 2-6, 2012
Mon: Study for exam on Mendelian Genetics: topics include:
Mendel's law of Segregation
Mendel's Law of Dominance
Mendel's Law of Incomplete Dominance
Punnet Squares: Monohybrid, Dihybrid crosses
Vocabulary definitions
Blood typing: 4 blood types, genotypes of blood types, codominance
Rule of Multiplication in the predicting outcomes of crosses
Tues: Research Meiosis: and create a concept map
Wed: Define: homologous chromosomes, autosomes, diploid, haploid, non-disjunction, crossing over, trisomy 21, tetrad, synapsis, chiasmata, zygote, gene aneuploidy / plan for your lab tomorrow. Extra-credit : poster on this lab: meiosis and Reebops:
Thurs: Complete questions 1-6 on Reebop lab handout.
Week of April 9-13, 2012
Thurs: complete reading and outlining handout on genetic engineering. Answer all concept check questions.
Fri: Read and outline handout on digestion
Week of April 16-20, 2012
Wed: Please use your original orange book: Complete Biology for Cambride IGCSE by Ron Pickering: REad and outline pages: 76, 80, 81 82. . From page 77: draw and lab the illustration on a piece of paper. Include names and functions of all listed organs. You may complete this in class also on thursday.
Thurs: Using the same book listed above: read and outline pages 84 and 85
Fri: REad and outline pages 948-949 . Draw and Label Heart diagram on page 949 and be sure to include the descriptions as listed on the diagram. Define the 9 key terms on page 948
Week of April 30-May 4
Mon: Using your cardiovascular handout, please read and outline pages 950-951. in your portfolio, Draw a cycle diagram that represents both pulomonary and systemic circulation
Tues: REad and outline pages 952-953. complete assessment key concepts on page 953.
Wed: One page double spaced 12 font paper on: Factors affecting heartrate
Thurs: REad and outline pages 667-669 from Respiratory handout . Complete Concept Check 30.5 on page 669. Place the key terms from page 667 on index cards.
Fri: REad and outline pages 670-671,Complete Reviewing Concepts on page 672 questions one -seventeen. Also draw and label diagram from page 667
Week of May 7-11, 2012
Mon: page 671: complete concept check 30.6. Begin Revision for Exam covering cardo and resp systems. Exam to be held, Thursday, May10
Tues: One page double spaced, font 12 paper on a respiratory illness of your choice. Please cite sources correctly. Examples of diseases: asthma, COPD, Cystic Fibrosis, Bronchitis, Lung Cancer or another of your interest.
Fri: Using your original book by Ron Pickering: REad and outline 144-147
WEEK OF MAY 14-18, 2012
Wed: One page paper on your choice of a disease affecting brain function. Be sure to define the disease, state if heredity matters, signs and symptoms, Treatments if any, long-term life expectancy PLEASE NOTE REGARDING YOUR FINAL:
TheNewmanSchool
Pre-IB Biology
Final Exam Focus Points
Format of Exam:
- Matching
- Punnett Squares
- Labeling diagrams
- Multiple choice
- True / False
Topics on Exam:
- Central Dogma
- Cardiovascular diagram
- Digestive system diagram
- Nervous System, questions and diagram
- Photosynthesis : true and false
- Monohybrid cross
- Multiple Alleles: ABO blood typing
Photosynthesis Review:
- Carbon dioxide + Water + sunlight’s energy yields Glucose + Oxygen + Water
- Chloroplasts are organelles found in plant cells and are the sites of photosynthesis
- Photosynthesis requires carbon dioxide, releases oxygen, involves Reduction and stores Energy
- Photosynthesis makes use of and electron transport system located in the thylakoid membrane to produce ATP.
- Photosynthesis uses a hydrogen carrier NADP+
- Plants contain various pigments. Chlorophylls and carotenoids are pigments capable of absorbing portions of the Visible Light Spectrum
- Chlorophyll abasorbs far less Green light, therefore green is reflected and leaves appear green.
- Sunlight is a form of electromagnetic spectrum.
- Chloroplasts: Carbon dioxide enters and oxygen exits a leaf through pores
- chloroplasts have a double membrane
- Inside these membranes is a large space or Stroma: Stroma contains an Energy rich solution that reduces carbon dioxide , converting it to an organic compound.
- Grana are stacks of flattened sacs called thylakoids that contain the pigment chlorophyll.
Photosynthesis:
- 2 main sets of reactions: Light dependent rxn and light independent rxn
- Light Dep. Rxns Remove low energy electrons from water when chlorophyll absorbs Energy. These electrons move down an ETC (electron transport chain) to produce ATP from ADP and P (phosphorus)
- Energized electrons are also taken up by NADP+1 which temporarily holds Energy to fuel upcoming CO2 reduction.
- The light indep rxns use ATP and NADPH formed in thylakoids to reduce co2 in stroma. The co2 from the air is fixed by a substrate of the Calvin cycle to produce CH20
- Calvin Cycle: Thylakoid membranes have 2 light gathering units: PS One and PS Two
- PSII is the light gathering complex that Splits Water and produces oxygen
- PSI is a light gathering pigment associated with the enzyme that reduces NADP+ t NADPH
- ATP Synthase complex has a H+ channel and a protruding ATP synthase. H+ flows down this channel and ATP is produced from ADP and P
Light Independent rxns:
1 NADPH and ATP from the light dep rxns reduce co2 to form a carbohydrate
Reduction of CO2 within the stroma of the chloroplast occurs by the Calvin Cycle
Calvin Cycle:
Carbon Dioxide combines with a 5-Carbon sugar. The 6 carbon molecule breaks down to form 2 PGA or 3-carbon molecules. PGA is reduced to Pgal by using NADPH and ATP, regenerating the 5-carbon sugar. PGAL, the end product of the Calvin cycle is convertyed to many other molecules
Calvin Cycle
- Fixing Carbon Dioxide
- Reducing Carbon Dioxide
- Regenerating RuBP ( 5-carbon molecule )
Sunlight:
- Radiant energy is described by its Wavelength: Gamma rays are shortest and radio waves are longest
- Visible Spectrum is a narrow band ranging from violet (shortest) and lowest for longer red light
- Energy content is also highest for shorter violet and lowest for longer red light
THurs: We will discuss format of final
Pre-IB Biology
Topic : Nervous System
Answer the following:
1. Describe the Autonomic Nervous System
2. Discuss the role of the hypothalamus and its relationship with the pituitary.
3. Does a nerve signal change the membrane voltage? If so, how?
4. Do Sensory receptors recognize stimuli?
5. Discuss the location of the pons, medulla oblongata and cerebellum.
6. What is a resting neuron?
7. Discuss the structure of interneurons and mention that they are multipolar.
8. Do nerve cells transmit signals to the target cells through the bloodstream?